Електронний архів публікацій ЧДБК

Permanent URI for this community

https://dr.csbc.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33

Browse

Browsing Електронний архів публікацій ЧДБК by Author "Artyukh, Oleksandr Mykolayovych"

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Unmanned transport. Modern technologies, challenges, and prospects
    (Громадська організація «Всеукраїнська асамблея докторів наук з державного управління», Громадська організація «Асоціація науковців України», Видавчнича група «Наукові перспективи», 2025) Artyukh, Oleksandr Mykolayovych; Ruban, Dmytro Petrovych; Tarasenko, Oleksandr Vitaliyovych; Petriuk, Yurii Ivanovych; Ruban, Hanna Yakivna; Рубан, Ганна Яківна
    The article provides an in-depth review of the current stage of unmanned transport development, synthesizing information on technological innovations, legislative initiatives, overcome and ongoing challenges, and forecasting future directions of its evolution in the context of global trends and prior research. To achieve this goal, the study focuses on analyzing key changes that occurred specifically between 2020 and 2025, addressing fundamental questions regarding progress and obstacles on the path to autonomous mobility.Regarding the first key question –new technologies that have emerged or undergone significant development in recent years– notable progress has been made in enhancing sensor systems and data processing algorithms. Between 2020 and 2025, improvements were observed not only in the performance of existing sensors, such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), radars, and cameras (including higher resolution, range, and interference resistance), but also in their cost reduction, bringing the technology closer to the mass market.A significant trend has been the advancement of sensor fusion technologies, which integrate data from various sensor types to create a more comprehensive, accurate, and reliable picture of the surrounding environment. Concurrently, a leap in artificial intelligence algorithms, particularly deep learning, has significantly improved object recognition (pedestrians, vehicles, road signs), behavior prediction, and decision-making in complex traffic scenarios. The development of V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication technologies has also gained momentum, enabling vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure interactions, which are critical for enhancing safety and efficiency, especially in dense traffic conditions. Additionally, advancements in high-definition (HD) maps, powerful computing platforms capable of real-time processing of vast data volumes, and widespread use of simulation environments for virtual testing and validation of control algorithms have played a significant role.The second critical question concerns the dynamics of legislative changes. The 2020–2025 period marked a turning point, shifting from predominantly experimental regulation to more systematic approaches. Many countries, including EU member states, the USA, China, and Japan, actively developed and implemented new laws and standards related to testing unmanned vehicles on public roads, their certification, and safety requirements.Notable were the initial efforts to regulate commercial operations, particularly for robotaxi services and autonomous freight transport in specific geographic zones or designated routes. At the international level, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) intensified efforts to harmonize technical regulations, particularly regarding Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS) and other automated driving functions. However, despite significant progress, the legislative framework remains fragmented. Issues such as legal liability in accidents involving highly automated vehicles, cybersecurity standards, data protection, and the normative establishment of ethical principles for AI operation require further thorough development and international coordination.The third research question focuses on challenges that have been overcome and those that remain relevant. Over the past five years, developers have made significant strides in improving the reliability of perception systems in complex conditions, though ensuring flawless operation in extreme weather (heavy rain, snowfall, fog) or poor lighting remains a major technological barrier.Considerable attention has been devoted to cybersecurity, with the development of protocols to protect against hacking and unauthorized access, though this threat remains persistent and demands ongoing vigilance. Public discourse on ethical aspects, particularly programming vehicle behavior in unavoidable crash scenarios, has intensified, prompting initial attempts to formulate relevant guidelines and standards, yet a universal solution has not been found.Among the critical ongoing challenges are the ability of autonomous systems to adequately respond to unpredictable events and rare scenarios (“edge cases”), especially in chaotic urban environments; achieving high levels of public trust and technology acceptance; ensuring interoperability of systems from different manufacturers; and addressing potential socioeconomic issues related to labor market transformations in the transport sector. The cost of comprehensive autonomous driving systems, while decreasing, remains high, limiting their widespread adoption in affordable market segments.Finally, analyzing the prospects for further implementation, it is evident that the 2020–2025 period has laid the foundation for more active integration of unmanned technologies in the near future. Progress in technology, the gradual formation of a legislative framework, and accumulated testing experience pave the way for expanding application areas. The most realistic prospects for the coming years include the deployment of autonomous systems in controlled environments: shuttles in airports, university campuses, and large industrial zones; robotic last-mile delivery services; and highly automated freight transport on highway routes.The emergence of commercial robotaxi services in select cities indicates the technology’s gradual approach to consumers, though full autonomy (Level 5 per SAE classification), enabling vehicles to operate anywhere and in any conditions without human intervention, remains a more distant prospect. Further diversification of applications is expected in agriculture, construction, and municipal services. The success of further implementation will depend on the synergy of efforts among developers, legislators, infrastructure operators, and society as a whole, aimed at resolving remaining technological, legal, and social issues. The subsequent sections of this article will provide a detailed examination of each of these aspects, offering an in-depth analysis of technological innovations, regulatory changes, key challenges, and substantiated forecasts for the future of unmanned transport based on data and trends observed in 2020–2025. In this study, the methods of analytical review, comparative analysis, and systematization of literary and regulatory sources were applied.